VI-RADS score system - A primer for urologists

ABSTRACT Bladder cancer (BCa) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and is also considered to be one of the most relapsing and aggressive neoplasms. About 30% of patients will present with muscle invasive disease, which is associated with a higher risk for metastatic disease. The aim of this article is to review the state of art imaging in Radiology, while providing a complete guide to urologists, with case examples, for the rationale of the development of the Vesical Imaging Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS), a scoring system emphasizing a standardized approach to multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging (mpMRI) acquisition, interpretation, and reporting for BCa. Also, we examine relevant external validation studies and the consolidated literature of mpMRI for bladder cancer. In addition, this article discusses some of the potential clinical implications of this scoring system for disease management and follow-up.

Clinical evaluation of cases of lower genitourinary tract trauma with special reference to primary realignment in cases of posterior urethral distraction defect

Background: The exact management strategy for lower genitourinary tract trauma remains controversial. Primary realignment with/without suprapubic catheterization provides definitive procedure with low complications and avoids the need for further open surgeries.Methods: This was a prospective longitudinal study done on 31 cases with different complaints related to lower tract genitourinary trauma. All patients underwent suprapubic catheterization and/or primary realignment. The outcome was measured in the terms of time for discharge, urinary incontinence, stricture formation, erectile dysfunction and impotence.Results: Maximum proportion of patients with lower genitourinary injuries in the study was in 10-20 years age group (48.4%). Blunt trauma was accounted for 93.6% of lower genitourinary injuries. Road traffic accidents were the most common cause (90.32%) of lower genitourinary injuries. Urinary bladder injuries accounted for 41.9% of all lower genitourinary injuries. Blood at meatus is present in only about half of the significant urethral injuries. Primary realignment of urethral injury results in lesser duration of hospital stay (9.24±2.44 days), shorter length of suprapubic catheterization (11.67±4.78 days) and early spontaneous voiding (40.93±15.79 days). The stricture rate following primary realignment is low (31.25%). Erectile dysfunction was noted only in two patients (16.6%).Conclusions: Management of traumatic urethral disruption by primary realignment serves as ultimate therapy in majority of patients.

Antibiotic Use Evaluation in Genitourinary Tract Infections in Female Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital.

Genitourinary tract infections are some of the most common infections in females. These problems are a challenge in terms of diagnosis and treatment. The present study was conducted to evaluate the prescribing pattern in three of the most common types of female genitourinary tract infections.METHODSA prospective and observational study was conducted on genitourinary tract infections in female patients at the gynaecology outpatient department in a tertiary care university hospital.RESULTSMajority of the infected female patients were in 26 - 35 years age group (31.8%) followed by 36 - 45 years age group (25.9%). The common infection noticed was urinary tract infection (42.2%), followed by pelvic inflammatory disease (32.2%) and vaginitis (25.5%) in infected female patients. The types of antibiotics prescribed for urinary tract infection were aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins and penicillins. The commonly prescribed antibiotics for pelvic inflammatory disease were tetracyclines, azoles, fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins, and for vaginitis azoles and aminoglycosides. The most commonly prescribed class of antibiotics for urinary tract infection, pelvic inflammatory disease and vaginitis were fluoroquinolones (11.8%), azoles (11.8%) and aminoglycosides (15.7%), respectively. Oral route was the preferred mode of administration (71%), followed by rectal (suppositories, 17.2%) and topical (cream, 11.8%).CONCLUSIONSYoung married women in this urban Indian community have a high prevalence of genitourinary tract infections but seldom seek treatment. Education and outreach are needed to reduce the stigma, embarrassment and lack of knowledge related to genitourinary tract infections

Occurrence of Mycoplasmaspp. and Ureaplasmaspp. in genital specimens

Mycoplasmaspp. and Ureaplasmaspp. belong tohumans'genitourinary microbiota and sometimesare associated with infections of the genitourinarytract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of Mycoplasmaspp. and Ureaplasmaspp. in genital specimens from patients of the 15thRegional de Saúde of ParanáState, Brazil, and to correlate the results with clinical and laboratory data.A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted,based on the analysis of results of vaginal, endocervical, urine andurethral culture for mycoplasmas from patients attended in areference laboratory, from January 2009 to December 2016. We evaluated 2,475 results of culture for mycoplasmas. A total of 50.8% patients were positive for mycoplasmas. Of these, 76.8%had positive culture exclusively for Ureaplasmaspp. and 4.7% for Mycoplasmahominis. Both microorganisms were isolated in the microbiology culture of 18.5% of patients. Among the positive culture, 81.4% had significant concentrations.Bacterialvaginosis was the most common alteration observed in association with mycoplasmas.Thehigh positivity of cultures for mycoplasmas, especially Ureaplasmaspp. found in our study, highlightthe presence of these microorganisms in many of the genital tract disorders that can be sexually transmitted and, consequently, should not be neglected.

Evaluation of incidence and histolopathological findings of soft tissue sarcomas in genitourinary tract: Uludag university experience

ABSTRACT Purpose: In this study we aimed to review urological soft tissue sarcomas of genitourinary tract that were diagnosed in our institution and their prognostic factors for survival. Materials and Methods: The clinical and pathological records of 31 patients who had diagnosis of soft tissue sarcomas primarily originating from the genitourinary tract between 2005-2011 were reviewed. Results: The most common site was kidney (17 cases, 54.8%), and most common diagnosis was leiomyosarcoma (11 cases, 35.4%). A total of 24 patients (77.4%) had surgical excision. The surgical margins were positive in 7 patients who presented with local recurrence after primary resection. Twelve patients developed metastatic disease. During follow-up (range 9-70 month), 26 of the 31 patients (88.9%) were alive. Significant survival differences were found according to histological type (p: 0.001), with lower survival rates for malignant fibrous histiocytoma. The tumor size, the presence of metastasis at the time of diagnosis and tumor localization were not statistically significant for overall survival. Conclusions: In our series, prostate sarcomas, paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma had poor prognosis, especially in patients presenting with metastatic disease.

A rare case of asymptomatic leiomyoma of the urinary bladder

@#Leiomyoma of the urinary bladder is not often encountered, occurring in only 0.43% of all bladder tumors. Among the known cases, patients usually present with obstructive symptoms, irritative symptoms or hematuria. This is a rare case of a 50-year-old male who was incidentally diagnosed to have a bladder mass. After cystoscopy, an open partial cystectomy was done with complete resection of the bladder mass. Final histopathology and immunochemical stains confirmed the diagnosis of leiomyoma of the urinary bladder.

Preliminary correlation analysis between human serum vitamin D level and Chlamydia trachomatis genitourinary tract infection / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To investigate the correlation between serum vitamin D level in human body and Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) genitourinary tract infection. Methods This study enrolled 174 outpa-tients (male: 95, female: 79, 20-49 years) infected with Ct and 380 healthy subjects (male: 211, female:169, 20-49 years) in Tianjin from November 1, 2016 to March 15, 2017. Blood samples were collected from all subjects after fasting overnight and the time points for sample collection in the Ct infection group were before and after a course of antibiotic treatment. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25-(OH)D] levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). PCR assay was used to assess the recovery in those patients one month after a course of treatment. Two case-control studies were respectively conducted, in which 161 patients and 161 healthy subjects as well as 41 uncured patients and 41 cured patients were randomly selected and matched for gender and age. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS19. 0. Re-sults The two case-control studies showed that vitamin D deficiency was a risk factor for both Ct genital tract infection and poor efficacy, of which the adjusted ORs were 2. 281 (95％ CI: 1. 438, 3. 619) and 7. 266 (95％ CI: 2. 551, 21. 036). Among all subjects aged 20-39, male patients had lower 25-(OH)D level in serum than healthy men [(40. 10±17. 93) nmol/ L vs (53. 72±18. 00) nmol/ L, P< 0. 01] and fe-male patients also had lower 25-(OH)D level in serum than healthy women [(35. 71±19. 99) nmol/ L vs (45. 42±16. 08) nmol/ L, P<0. 01]. The levels of 25-(OH)D in uncured male and female patients were re-spectively lower than those in cured male and female patients [(30. 50±14. 53) nmol/ L vs (41. 32±17. 24) nmol/ L; (29. 47±16. 66) nmol/ L vs (41. 37±21. 03) nmol/ L; both P<0. 05]. Conclusion Vitamin D deficiency related to Ct infection in human genitourinary tract and poor prognosis. Lower serum vitamin D levels might increase the risk of Ct genitourinary tract infection and reduce the efficacy of treatment.

Quiste gigante de vesícula seminal: presentación atípica de una patología infrecuente / Giant seminal vesicle cyst: atypical presentation of a rare disease

Se presenta el caso de un niño de 14 años que hizo una consulta de control por un encondroma en el fémur izquierdo. La resonancia magnética (RM) de caderas reveló, accidentalmente, un quiste gigante de la vesícula seminal derecha. Si bien se indicó una urografía por RM, esta fue suspendida por un cuadro de claustrofobia del paciente y se realizó una tomografía computada abdómino-pélvica con y sin contraste endovenoso. La patología de las vesículas seminales (VS) puede clasificarse en congénita o adquirida. El primer tipo tiene baja prevalencia (siendo el quiste y la agenesia los más comunes en la práctica diaria) y puede coexistir, a menudo, con anomalías ipsilaterales del tracto urinario superior y genital, debido a la estrecha relación en los hombres de los sistemas reproductor y urinario durante la embriogénesis. También se ha descrito su vinculación con anomalías óseas y vasculares. La escasa frecuencia de presentación y el amplio espectro de potenciales hallazgos asociados suelen dificultar el diagnóstico. Lo habitual es iniciar la evaluación con una ecografía abdominal o transrectal, según la edad y tolerancia del paciente, y continuar con una RM, aunque para confirmar los hallazgos pueden ser necesarios otros procedimientos, como la vesículo-deferentografía (VDG). Esta fue tradicionalmente el método de referencia para el diagnóstico, pero en la actualidad se aplica en casos seleccionados. El tratamiento de las malformaciones está restringido a pacientes sintomáticos y usualmente consiste en una vesiculectomía, con o sin extirpación del riñón displásico o hipoplásico

The case is presented of a 14 year-old boy with a previous diagnosis of left femur enchondroma. The pelvic and hip magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) unexpectedly revealed a right giant seminal vesicle cyst. He was evaluated by performing abdominal-pelvic computed tomography, with and without intravenous contrast. The pathology of the seminal vesicles (SV) can be classified as congenital and acquired. The first type has low prevalence (cyst and agenesis being the most frequently encountered in daily practice) and often co-exists with ipsilateral abnormalities in the upper urinary tract and genital organs, due to the close relationship of the male reproductive and urinary systems during embryogenesis. The association with bone and vascular anomalies has also been described. Abdominal and trans-rectal ultrasound, followed by abdominal and pelvic MRI, are the most accurate methods for preoperative diagnosis. Vesiculo-de/erentography (traditionally the gold standard test for diagnosis) is only applied in selected cases. The treatment, vesiculectomy, with or without removal of dysplastic or hypoplastic kidney, is restricted to symptomatic patients

Detection of chlamydia and mycoplasma in urogenital tract infection and the analysis of drug sensitivity of mycoplasma / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To investigate the status of Ureaplasma urealyticum (Uu) ,Mycoplasma hominis (Mh) and Chlamydia trachomatis(Ct) in patients with urogenital tract infection ,and to analyze the drug resistance of mycoplasma .Methods The myco‐plasma and its drug sensitivity of urogenital tract specimens were detected by culture‐identification‐susceptibility integration kit .Ct was detected by using immunochromatographic method .Results Among 497 cases of specimens ,there were 194 cases of simplex Uu infection (39 .0% ) ,9 cases of simplex Mh infection (1 .8% ) ,73 cases of Uu and Mh mixed infection (14 .7% ) ,and 54 cases of Ct infection (10 .9% ) .There were 38 cases of Ct and Uu mixed infection (7 .6% ) in the Ct positive specimens .The isolated myco‐plasmas were sensitive to doxycycline ,josamycin and minocycline ,but resistant to other drugs in varying degrees .Conclusion There are both simplex infection and mixed infection of chlamydia and mycoplasma in the patients with urogenital tract infection . The clinical use of antibiotics should be reasonable based on pathogen detection and drug susceptibility test results .

Localized Resectable Genitourinary Sarcoma in Adult Korean Patients: Experiences at a Single Center

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of localized resectable genitourinary sarcomas in adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between September, 1996 and November, 2008, 18 consecutive cases of adults (12 men and 6 women; median age 48.8 years) who were treated for primary genitourinary sarcomas were identified. The following variables were analyzed: patient age, gender, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, primary organ, tumor histology, size, necrosis, Federation Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer (FNCLCC) grade, and surgical margin positivity. Recurrence-free survival and disease-specific survival were the study end-points. RESULTS: The most common presenting symptom was a palpable mass (six cases, 33.3%), the most common site was the kidney (six cases, 33.3%), and the most common histological subtype was leiomyosarcoma (eight patients, 44.4%). Complete resection with negative surgical margins was achieved in 13 patients (72.2%). The median follow-up period was 49.9 months (range 6.4 to 147.6). The recurrence-free survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 81.6%, 66.5%, and 66.5%, respectively. Recurrence-free survival only associated significantly with ASA score (p=0.018). The disease-specific survival rate at 1, 3, and 5 years was 88.9%, 76.2%, and 67.7%, respectively. Disease-specific survival was associated significantly only with FNCLCC grade (p=0.042). CONCLUSION: Although genitourinary sarcomas in adults are a rare group of tumors with a poor prognosis, some patients may have a favorable prognosis. Our findings suggest that FNCLCC grade is the most important prognostic factor for these patients.

Ressonância magnética na endometriose do trato urinário baixo: ensaio iconográfico / Magnetic resonance imaging in lower urinary tract endometriosis: iconographic essay

Endometriose é definida como a presença de tecido endometrial funcionante fora da cavidade endometrial e do miométrio. É uma doença comum, de causas multifatoriais, porém o envolvimento do trato urinário baixo é raro. A ressonância magnética tem elevada sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia no diagnóstico da endometriose do trato geniturinário baixo, principalmente por permitir a identificação das lesões de permeio a aderências e a avaliação da extensão das lesões subperitoneais. Neste estudo são ilustrados, sob a forma de ensaio iconográfico, os principais achados à ressonância magnética do envolvimento por endometriose do trato urinário baixo.

Endometriosis is defined as the presence of functional endometrial tissue outside the endometrial cavity and myometrium. Although this is a frequent disease with multifactorial causes, involvement of the lower urinary tract is rare. Magnetic resonance imaging is highly sensitive, specific and accurate in the diagnosis of endometriosis in the lower urinary tract, especially for allowing the identification of lesions obscured by adhesions or with subperitoneal extension. The present iconographic essay presents the main magnetic resonance imaging findings of the lower urinary tract involvement by endometriosis.

Study current situation of reproductive tract infection among bearing age married women in countryside and influence factors / 中国基层医药

Objective To study the current situation of reproductive tract infection among bearing age mar-fled women in countryside and influence factors. Methods We had examined 4916 women. Questionnaire investiga-tion,gynecologic examination,the inspection of pathogen and the B-ultrasound were collected by face to face in the clinic. Results The general prevalence rate of RTI was 53.93%. The prevalence rates of pelvic infection and cervici-tis were 3.97% and 51.12%. The prevalence rates of germs, trichomonal and candiclal vaginitis were 12.51%, 3.60% and 7.71% respectively. The infection rate for only one,two or three kind of RTI were 33.08% ,19.73% and 1.08% respectively. The influence factors were : age, education, family economy, sanitary habits, graviclity, frequent in-tercourse,induced abortion and knowledge towards RTI. Conclusion Among bearing age married women in country-side province the prevalence rate of RTI was higher and also showed evidence of some influence factors.

Infection Status and Drug-susceptilibity Analysis of Ureaplasma urealyticum in Suizhou / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To investigate the infection status and drug resistance of Ureaplasma urealyticum(Uu)isolated from female genitourinary tract and offer the scientific evidence for reasonable usage of antibiotics.METHODS The IST2 kit produced by BioMerieux was used to detect Uu.RESULTS The positive detection rate of Uu was 52.7%,The drug susceptibility test confirmed that drug resistance rate to quinolones was the highest.The resistance rates to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin were 70.3% and 41.9%,respectively.The lowest drug resistance rate occurred to pristinamycin 0.9%,doxycycline 0.9% and josamycin 1.8%.CONCLUSIONS Uu has the higher resistance to quinolones used commonly by clinic.We should rationally choose and use antibiotics for treatment according to drug susceptibility.

Genitourinary Tract Infection and Susceptibility of Mycoplasma in 2007 / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To investigate the infection status and susceptibility of mycoplasma to 14 antibiotic agents. METHODS Mycoplasma was cultured and its susceptibility from 3577 patients with genitourinary tract infections were statistically analyzed. RESULTS The positive rate of mycoplasma was 43.9%.The positive rate of Ureaplasma urealyticum (Uu),Mycoplasma hominis (Mh ) and Uu+Mh were 33.4%,1.5% and 8.9%,respectively. The positive rate of Uu was significantly higher than that of Mh and Uu+Mh (P

A Clinicostastical Analysis of Genitourinary Diseases from the Nationwide Hospital Discharge Survey

PURPOSE: The current nationally representative data on inpatient care are important to make the of the national public health policy because distributions and the prevalence of diseases among children and adolescents represent the socioeconomic status of the society. The prevalence of chronic disease is increasing now in Korea as the socioeconomic condition is improving. We analyzed a part of genitourinary tract disease of the cross-sectional hospital discharge survey data in Korea collected recently to delineate the trend of genitourinary tract diseases. METHODS: Korean nationwide hospital discharge survey for pediatric inpatients in the period from 2004 to 2006 was analyzed. Diagnoses in the data were coded using ICD-10 classification. Totally 826,896 cases were collected from the 85 training hospitals. Selected data of genitourinary tract diseases (belonging to N00-N99 by ICD-10) among 826,896 cases of final inpatients data were analyzed for this study. RESULTS: Among total patients of 826,896, diseases of the genitourinary system accounted for 4.1%. and four diagnostic categories accounted for 92.8%. These were other diseases of the urinary system (N30-39), 45.8%, disease of male genital organs (N40-51),19.1%, glomerular diseases (N00-08), 17.3%, renal tubulo-interstitial diseases (N10-16), 10.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Genitourinary tract disease in pediatric inpatient shows decreasing tendency but the prevalence of chronic diseases is increasing in Korea as the socioeconomic condition is improving. For further comprehensive analysis, regular and organized nationwide survey should be performed. Development of a new data collecting system will improve the performance of such nationwide survey.

A Comparison of Low-Dose and Normal-Dose Gadobutrol in MR Renography and Renal Angiography

OBJECTIVE: It has been advocated that a reduced injection volume with highly concentrated (1 M) contrast material can produce a sharper bolus peak and an increased intravascular first-pass gadolinium concentration when compared with the use of a lower concentration (0.5 M). A higher concentration would also cause a reduction in dose. The purpose of our study was to test the use of a low dose (0.05 mmol/kg) of gadobutrol in magnetic resonance renography and angiography and compare the findings with a dose of 0.1 mmol/kg. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One-hundred-thirty-four patients referred for magnetic resonance angiography for suspected renovascular disease participated in the study. Contrast enhanced MR renography and angiography were performed after administration of a bolus of 0.1 mmol/kg or 0.05 mmol/kg gadobutrol in randomized patients. The relative signal intensity-time curves of the aorta, peripheral cortex and parenchyma, were obtained. Two radiologists evaluated the angiographic images and evaluated the quality of angiography. RESULTS: The signal intensity with a low dose of gadobutrol was significantly lower in early phases, in the peripheral cortex (for 36, 54, 72 and 90 seconds), the parenchyma (for 36, 54, 72 seconds) and the aorta (for 18, 36, 54, 72 seconds). The decreases in the early phase obtained with a low dose of gadobutrol caused blunter time intensity curves. The difference in the quality scores of the readers for the angiographic images for the use of the two different doses was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: A lower dose of gadobutrol can be used for MR renal angiography, but for MR renography the normal dose should be used.

Genitourinary Tract Infections and Antibiotics Resistance of Mycoplasma / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To investigate the infection status and drug resistance of Ureaplasma urealyticum(Uu) and Mycoplasma hominis(Mh) in local region.METHODS A total of 2042 genitourinary samples of NGU patients were detected for the presense of mycoplasma with culture and drug sensibility.RESULTS From them 881(43.1%) were infected with mycoplasma,including Uu infection(650cases,31.8%),Mh infection(74 cases,3.6%) and mixed infection of Uu plus Mh(157 cases,7.6%);significant differences of positive cultivation rate were found between the male and female and in different age groups.Among 18 antibiotics,the lowest resistance drugs were josamycin,doxycycline and clarithromycin(3.6%,4.1%,and 4.2%).The highest resistance drugs were ofloxacin,fleroxacin and thiamphenicol(38.2%,18.3% and 14.6%).CONCLUSIONS The infection of mycoplasma in local region is increasing.Mycoplasma has increasing resistance to the common antibiotic.The detection of drugs resistance of mycoplasma has an improtant significance in guiding clinical use of the drugs.

Monitoring of Drug-resistance in Mycoplasma Isolated from Female Genitourinary Tract / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To investigate the infection status and drug resistance of Ureaplasma urealyticum (Uu) and Mycoplasma hominis (Mh) isolated from female genitourinary tract. METHODS The specimens of 1890 cases were collected from Jan 2003 to Dec 2006. The results of mycoplasma cultivation and susceptibility test were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS Among 1890 cases, there were 756 cases with positive mycoplasma cultivation. Positive rate was 40.0%. Positive rate was the highest at the age of 21 to 40. Among 11 commonly used antibiotics, sensitivity of tetracyclines was the highest,followed by macrolides. Four quinolones all showed the higher resistance. CONCLUSIONS The resistance of commonly used antibiotics in mycoplasma isolated from female genitourinary tract is greatly severe.We should think highly of it.

Infection Status and Drug-susceptibility Analysis of Mycoplasma Strains Isolated from Genitourinary Tract / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To investigate the infection status and drug resistance of Mycoplasma strains isolated from genitourinary tract. METHODS The IST kit produced by Bio-Merieux was used to culture the Mycoplasma strains and to do drug susceptibility test. RESULTS The Mycoplasma infection ratio was 41.0%,with Ureaplasma urealyticum(Uu) 71.9%,Mycoplasma hominis(Mh) 2.3%,and mixed infection 25.8%,respectively.The drug susceptibility test showed that drug resistance ratios were as follows: to erythromycin 58.7%,ciprofloxacin 50.0%,ofloxacin 41.3%,pristinamycin 3.3%,josamycin 5.4% and doxycycline 7.6%. CONCLUSIONS Mycoplasma infection in genitourinary tract is mainly due to Uu infection.We should rationally choose and use antibiotics according to the drug susceptibility,and josamycin is very effective.

Drug Monitoring Analysis of Mycoplasma Isolated from Female Genitourinary Tract / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To investigate the infection status and drug-resistance of Ureaplasma urealyticum(Uu) and Mycoplasma hominis(Mh) isolated from female genitourinary tract.METHODS A total of 1890 female genitourinary tract specimens were collected from Jan 2003 to Dec 2006.The results of mycoplasma cultivation and susceptibility test were analyzed retrospectively.RESULTS Among 1890 specimens,there were 756 with positive mycoplasma cultivation and the positive rate was 40.0%.The positive ratio was the highest at the age of 21 to 40.From 12 commonly used antibiotics,the sensitivity to tetracyclines was the highest,and then was to macrolides.Four quinolones all showed the higher resistance,and their sensitivity rates were all below 50%.CONCLUSIONS The drug-resistance of mycoplasma in female genitourinary tract is greatly severe.The clinical doctors should think highly of it.